He argued that the states of Europe normally counted more than one language within their borders and that a general acceptance of multilingualism would avoid many conflicts. The program highlights Europe’s rich cultural diversity, celebrates its cultural ties, and brings people of different European backgrounds together. Often, Russia was not seen as being part of European civilization but rather as a threat to the continent’s individualism, its freedoms and ways of life. The idea of European unification has always included transcending some borders and emphasizing others. A language border is necessarily also a cultural border, as language is a significant part of a society's culture), but it can also divide subgroups of the same ethnolinguistic group along more subtle criteria, such as the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line in German-speaking Switzerland, the Weißwurstäquator in Germany or the Grote rivierenboundary between Dutch and Flemis… Yet even he considered it unthinkable to have anything but French as the official language of the federation; if the European Parliament was to speak German, Europe would be regressing three centuries: French it must be! Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent. The idea of independent nation states resonated within Europe and a number of new states emerged with the dissolution of the Austrian, German and Ottoman Empires. Nationalist sentiments are proclaimed with flags, national holidays, and manifest declarations of national values, but they can also be found in our daily lives. Let's start with an example. The most striking aspect of this cultural region is the great diversity that has arisen during years of evolution, which has left scattered monuments and diverse traditions scattered throughout its lands. (Schmidt-Phiseldeck Reference Schmidt-Phiseldeck1821, 304). s. Log in for more information. With a fascinating history, this European region has a very modern, dynamic, varied and influential culture. These are further illuminated by the use of constructivist theory and the concept of a ‘stagist theory’ from Dipesh Chakrabarty and Roberto Dainotto which legitimizes the domination of some nations over others. Other writers concluded that just as European culture had made its way into parts of Russia and the Ottoman Empire, so Europeanization spread among the ‘barbarians’ in Africa and Asia. History of Europe - History of Europe - Revolution and the growth of industrial society, 1789–1914: Developments in 19th-century Europe are bounded by two great events. William Penn (Reference Penn1693) proposed a European Parliament where the sessions ‘must be held in Latin or French: the first would be very well for the Civilians, but the last most easie for Men of Quality.’ French was long seen as the first choice, but things got more complicated when ideas promoting the rights of citizens began to circulate, insisting that all governance ought to derive its legitimacy from the people it represented. The cultural regions of Europe Western Europe . Updated 12/19/2016 3:19:30 PM. By using this website or by closing this dialog you agree with the conditions described, Ingrid Projets Why the Baltic region? Based on the ideas of European integration before the reality of EU-integration, we can see a desire to accommodate both linguistic and religious diversity. The growth of linguistic nationalism challenged the predominance of French. With the new nation-states in place and with the principle of national sovereignty generally accepted, we might expect the drafts for European unification to pay significant attention to the language issue. While the term"Scandinavia"is traditionally related to the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, there is some ambiguity about the ethnic aspect of the concept in the modern era. Overall, awareness of the new borders was an important characteristic of the new mindset. PB - Nordic Academic Press. When this happens, the nation comes more likely to be seen as a social inevitability, a kind of natural order beyond historical contexts (Billig Reference Billig1995). The cultural manifestations, heritage and linguistic diversity of these regions have in common the construction of the multicultural Europe that we know today. This was also when the mindset in Europe’s intellectual history began to change. [Sanimir Resic; Barbara Törnquist Plewa;] Surprisingly, this was not the case. The city is famed for its beautiful architecture, booming arts scene and its cuisine. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The European culture has always been Europe’s effort to the light against the Erebus of her father Phoenix. The Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Caucasus Mountains are the geographical boundary of the eastern edge of Europe. Montesquieu argued that these countries had been leaders in Antiquity, but modern Europe had originated in France, and had progressed at such a rate that the more slowly moving Southern Europeans could not keep up (Chakrabarty Reference Chakrabarty2008 [2000], 7–9; Dainotto Reference Dainotto2007). Indeed, no one should be denied to talk in his mother tongue. It is made up of Latvia, Estonia, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, among others. While Chakrabarty discusses the impact that European colonialism had on India, Roberto M. Dainotto reminds us that a similar mindset was already at work within Europe. The “boundaries of Europe” discussed here concern only Europe as a continent ending (or beginning) ... Germany, and every other country in Europe are no longer European in racial or cultural terms. "hasAccess": "1", The notion of a European crisis contributed to the discourse on European unification, offering a strong argument for the need to stick together; internal strife had weakened all of Europe, and continuing divisions would mean that Europe’s downward spiral would only accelerate, with the US and Japan overtaking it on all fronts. Render date: 2020-12-03T21:02:41.483Z Clearly, he envisioned European unification as transcending religious and linguistic borders. With respect to linguistic borders the entanglement became more complex. Thanks to the proliferation of French and the greater ambitions to learn foreign languages among many of the European nations, it was argued in 1821 in the era’s most ambitious proposal for a federation that linguistic obstacles would no longer hinder the formation of a European federation (Penn Reference Penn1693; Krause Reference Krause1899; Schmidt-Phiseldeck Reference Schmidt-Phiseldeck1821). Such agreements became even more reasonable after the fundamental changes in Europe following the Great War. Still, in contemporary Europe we can see a new trend towards cultural borders fueled by fear. However, visions of European unification have also reflected on how to go beyond cultural borders. The Danish official Conrad Friedrich Schmidt-Phiseldeck, who around 1820 launched extensive pleas for a European federation, may exemplify the claims of a shared Christian culture that could transcend cultural borders. The notion of Europe as a divided place, in decline and in crisis was essential to the mindset which contributed to European integration post-1945. Asked 9/27/2012 8:49:35 AM. Others saw the divisions as the main reason behind Europe’s global decline, challenged as it was by both American and Asians powers. However, they never were perfectly enforced. Made up of countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. The question then became how far political unity could be taken with the cultural borders as a prerequisite. It could come in the form of a religious, ethnic, or language boundary. The Balkan peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south and southeast, and the Black Sea in the east and northeast. Moving away from physical boundaries, we now come to cultural boundaries. Traditionally, the term refers specifically to most of the peoples of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, their states, their Germanic languages and their culture. We turn to cultural borders in order to answer the question of what kind of European integration we hope to have. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between 27th February 2020 - 3rd December 2020. There are different kinds of cultural boundaries. There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". They are boundaries that follow the distribution of cultural characteristics. The cultural manifestations, heritage and linguistic diversity of these regions have in common the construction of the multicultural Europe that we know today. The concept of Central Europe is based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. London is the heart and metropolis, as well as the old industrial cities like Manchester. ER - Lund University Box 117, 221 00 LUND Telephone (switchboard): +46-46-222 00 00 lu@lu.se I am particularly interested in religion and language as marking cultural borders. They may appreciate it or not, as one writer stated, but they were Europeanized as the growing power of Europeans turned them into colonial subjects. My objective is to comment on such visions pre-dating the beginning of actual European integration after the Second World War. History and Archaeology; keywords Balkans, politics, culture publisher Nordic University Press ISBN 91-89116-38-0 language English LU publication? Stülpnagel drew several maps of Europe over a number of decades starting from the late 1820s, including some intended for schools. The map from 1871 was an adaptation of an original from 1841. Europe was Christian, no matter if Catholic or Protestant. For some time he was the leader of a European-wide empire which, he argued, had in fact only one religion. The 1920s saw a discursive turn in European cooperation which already hinted at the integration happening after the Second World War. "peerReview": true, Email: mats.andren@lir.gu.se, https://doi.org/10.1017/S106279871900053X, Reference Svennungsson, Lindberg, Ojakangas and Prozorov, Die Organisations der Europäischen Statenvereins, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Göttingisches Taschenbuch zum Nuzsen und Vergnügen für das Jahr 1802, Europe – Whither Bound? An- Approach to the study of the territorial effects of heritage. Although the language question has continued to be a topic of discussion, it is remarkable how successful the EU has been in terms of its language policy and its extensive use of translation and interpreting. As national politics and discourse seem to grow more inward-looking and divisive across America and Europe, successful businesses must continue to think inclusively and globally. Made up of countries such as Gibraltar, Andorra, Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, San Marino and Vatican City. Some even talked of the waning of European civilization, and the word ‘crisis’ was on everybody’s lips. However, the emphasis on cultural borders vis-à-vis the world outside Europe persists. This is not surprising when it comes to proposals written by Germans after the German unification as the latter had also meant overcoming the long historical divide between Catholics and Protestants in the German-speaking territories. They should follow the models of Switzerland, with regional autonomy, Estonia, with cultural autonomy, and Finland, with bilingualism. Retrieved from ub.edu. "lang": "en" This had nothing to do with the opinions of those outside of Europe. In Die Christenheit oder Europa und andere philosophische Schriften, Entwurf eines europäischen Staatenbundes, als Grundlage des allgemeinen Friedens und als Rechtlichen Mittels gegen jeden Angriff wider die innere und äussere Freiheit Europas, An Essay towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates, Karte von Europa und den Mittelländischen Meer, Christian Europe: borders and boundaries of a mythological conception, Europe beyond Universalism and Particularism, Ideas of Europe during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Not surprisingly, he suggested English, French and German as communal working languages for the European bodies he envisaged. The French integration model: “assimilation model” underpinned by the Republican values stipulates that being French means full acceptance of French cultural and political values . Thus, Europeanization included what Dipesh Chakrabarty dubbed as the ‘stagist theory’ of history. The necessity of cooperation was proclaimed in a cultural landscape where borders and national identities were considered to be fundamental. Europe’s boundaries have mainly been shaped by cultural, religious, and political conceptions rather than by geography. Clearly, nationalism is something both widespread and deeply intertwined with the history of modern Europe, and languages and religions are crucial elements for the concept of ‘nation’ and the feeling of belonging to a national community. In the beginning of the nineteenth century the European idea often started from the notion that Europe would be better off if it shared one religion. Cultural boundaries in Europe: Is there a European cultural field? Moreover, Europeans should learn more than one language in order to be more open-minded and to go beyond one’s own cultural frame. 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