If you have a friend who already grows thornless blackberry bushes, it’s EASY to create new plants … The Dewberry (Rubus caesius) is also related to trailing blackberries and has gray … Free Blackberry Bushes. Heavy crops of juicy black fruits with wild blackberry flavour. If more than one row is to be planted, space the rows 12 feet apart. Because blackberry and raspberry plants live for many years, treat trellis posts with preservatives and use No. Apache is a 1999 erect thornless blackberry release from the University of Arkansas. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization are the most critical nutrients for blackberry production. Back to Fruit A to Z. The major limitation to blackberry production in the deep South is the fungal disease double blossom/rosette, to which the Arkansas-developed thornless varieties show resistance. Blackberries are produced by bushy shrubs. Space trailing varieties … These blackberries have been bred to fruit on the first year’s cane, so you don’t have to wait two years to dig in. Grow the Rainbow: Varieties with Extraordinary Color. And, in our opinion, the ‘Apache’ variety we’ve grown in the Sunset Test Garden is the best one around. Thornless blackberry plants are similar to their thorned brethren, except that they are without the painful thorns. Of the three, only semi-erect plants require a trellis or other support. Enter your zip code to find your hardiness zone and to see which trees and plants … They often have thorns, but some varieties are thornless. © Copyright 2020 Hearst Communications, Inc. There are also thorny and thornless blackberry plants. We've picked out our favorite varieties of productive blackberry canes from the Pacific Northwest. The first two varieties may also be grown as self-supporting if need be as the stems are shorter and almost shrubby. Fruit ripening is approximately five days after Navaho. A single, 4- to 5-foot "Navaho" plant bears from 8 to 10 quarts of 1-inch blue-black berries. Rubus fruticosus 'Chester' is a semi-erect, self-fruitful, thornless shrub with clusters of pinkish-white, rose-like flowers which give way to a heavy crop of very large, jet black, round and very sweet blackberries in mid-late summer. The trailing types are less vigorous and should be planted about 4 feet apart, with rows 6 to 8 feet apart. Freeze your summer fruit harvest to enjoy any season! If you’re growing your own fruit, you know that it’s nearly impossible to enjoy it all fresh without preserving some of your harvest. Smooth Blackberry, Rubus canadensis. New blackberry variety Twilight. Some erect blackberry varieties (e.g., Prime Jim, Prime Jan) produce fruit on primocanes in the fall. For semi-erect cultivars, space plants 5 to 6 feet apart. Erect varieties are usually established by planting root cuttings. Choose from thorny trailing or thornless blackberry brambles. Here are some tips for identifying this plant. Chester is one of the best self-pollinating blackberry varieties available because of its huge yield, sweet fruit, cold hardiness, resistance to cane blight and, of course, lack of thorns. In hybridizing for the absence of thorns, the breeders did not give up berry flavor as is so often the case with thornless varieties. Eclipse, Galaxy and Twilight meld the traits of eastern erect-cane blackberries and western trailing blackberries. Blackberry bushes may be erect or trailing with gradations in between. What varieties are adapted to our state? Growing thornless blackberry plants means you and your family can leave the gloves and long sleeves inside when you pick these summer treats. If you are planting trailing varieties of blackberry it will be necessary to provide support to keep the canes off the ground. Trailing Thornless Blackberries. Also known as: California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry. Cultivars requiring 200 to 800 hours of temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit perform well in Mediterranean climates. Boysenberry (loganberry, raspberry and dewberry cross) Thornless, very hardy. More people than ever are interested in growing their own food and the Victory Garden movement is here! The Natchez Thornless Blackberry Plant availability has been eagerly awaited since its development in 2007 by researchers at the University of Arkansas and the United States Department of Agriculture. If you need further assistance, we're always eager to help. In hybridizing for the absence of thorns, the breeders did not give up berry flavor as is so often the case with thornless varieties. When one plant can produce as much as 20 pounds of berries, you can do the math. If you enjoy onions for their culinary versatility, that's reason enough to grow your own. The development of erect thornless varieties by the University of Arkansas that also have good resistance to rosette disease has also increased interest in growing blackberries commercially. Trellising is needed for semi-erect and trailing blackberry plants, but don’t worry about finding the "perfect" trellis design. Historically, the cultivars ‘Oklawaha’, ‘Flordagrand’, and ‘Brazos’ have been recommended for Florida. Blackberries flourish in deep, mildly acidic, well-drained sandy loam. The best of eastern and western blackberry genetics ... has blended the desirable traits of eastern erect-cane blackberries and western trailing blackberries into new varieties with thornless semi-erect canes to fill new niches in the fresh berry market. Cutting the laterals back to 1 foot in late winter or before they start flowering in early spring encourages larger blackberries. As we often say here, “stake for survival.”. Navaho (Zones 6”“10) Erect, thornless… Make sure you plant your blackberries far away from wild blackberries, which may carry (plant) diseases that could weaken your own plants. Use tree stakes during the first few years of your new tree's life, especially for dwarf and bare-root trees. When planting, make sure the crown is about 2 inches belo… A must-have in the home garden. The Arkansas varieties have been shown to be adapted statewide. The Columbia Giant blackberry variety is a thornless, early season floricane trailing variety, developed by plant breeder, ... Like most trailing blackberry varieties, Columbia Giant has been adapted to the Pacific Northwest and works well in regions with Mediterranean or coastal climate. Floricane fruiting – no flowers on primocanes; summer season fruiting . The first primocane-fruiting production commercially appeared Five years ago Blackberry Cane Fruiting Types . If you are short on space there are compact, thornless types of blackberry that will grow perfectly well in containers. How to Prune Black Tartarian Cherry Trees, UC IPM Online: Pests in Gardens and Landscapes -- Site Selection, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources: Selecting Fruit, Nut, and Berry Crops for Home Gardens in San Mateo and San Francisco Counties, North Carolina State University Extension: Growing Blackberries in North Carolina, Gurney's Seed and Nursery Company: "Apache" Thornless Blackberry, Gurney's Seed & Nursery Company: "Arapaho" Blackberry, University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension: Commercial Horticulture - Fruits and Nuts "Natchez" - Blackberry, Stark Bro's: Plant Manual for "Natchez" Thornless Blackberry. varieties bear a second time on two-year-old canes. Getting started When . The white-flowering shrub likes full sun, but does best in cool-summer climates in USDA zones 6 through 8. Reply; Inaccurate; jesse s on Jul 27, 2018 Plant thornless blackberries in the spring, in a … "Arapaho" (Rubus "Arapaho"), an erect thornless blackberry, produces white spring flowers and deep-green foliage. Follow us on your favorite social networks and share what you grow! Compact growers – Loch Ness, earlier fruiting Waldo, and to a lesser extent, Loch Tay are good conservative growers that are happy with a spacing of 4-6’. A blackberry plant is mainly known for its black-colored fruits, that are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Most blackberries are summer-bearing varieties … Growing a variety of fruiting trees in your yard makes for a rewarding harvest but can also sometimes mean problem solving for many different plants at once. Good for all parts of the country. Native Varieties that Thrive in the Cultivated Garden. Blackberries have three stem types: erect, arching, and trailing. Little Black Prince® - thornless. * Free Shipping does not apply to orders shipping to Alaska. Up to 8-feet wide, "Apache" needs a sunny spot with room to spread. Once the fruit has been harvested, the floricanes will eventually die. New Blackberries: Eclipse, Galaxy, and Twilight. Flavor: Smooth, sweet. Pecan trees bloom and shed pollen at separate times, making pecan tree pollination different from fruit trees. Primocane Blackberries . Needs position in full sun. How to Plant Blackberries. The tall, woody canes of thornless blackberry plants produce green foliage and fruit. Begins to ripen just as Triple Crown finishes. Trailing Thornless Blackberries. They can be planted in the early spring several weeks before the last frost. Not all of us have acres of land to work with but that doesn’t mean you can't have a plentiful harvest right out of your backyard. Have fresh herbs any time of year when you grow a sweet bay laurel. As the oldest continually operating nursery in the country, we’ve spent two centuries helping families cultivate their legacies in the garden. Commences to ripen early to mid-July, providing the first supply of blackberries in the season. Primocane Blackberries. Plants can be self supporting when primocanes … Thornless blackberries are trailing cultivars, meaning their primocanes will grow along the ground, like a vine, for two years after you plant them. Primocane-fruiting – fruiting on first-year canes, autumn season; Almost all world blackberry production is floricane-fruiting . All of the blackberry cultivars developed by the University of Arkansas have been named after Native American Indian tribes. Three thornless blackberry cultivars with these qualities are being released simultaneously: ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Black Pearl’ (Finn et al., 2005a), and ‘Nightfall’ (Finn et al., 2005b). Shawnee (Zones 6”“9) Erect, thorny, heavy yield, sweet. Although most blackberries produce shoots with thorns, many new cultivars are thornless. Sort by. Here are some more reasons to grow onion plants. Intermediate growers – My own preference is for Merton Thornless. These fruits are either consumed fresh, or used in preparing jams and jellies. On occasion, the plants even survived … Contact: Kim Kaplan Email: Kim Kaplan CORVALIS, OREGON, October 20, 2020—The best of eastern and western blackberry genetics have been melded to create Eclipse, Galaxy and Twilight, three new blackberry varieties released by the Agricultural Research Service … Rubus fruticosus 'Navaho' is an erect, self-fruitful, thornless shrub with clusters of pinkish-white, rose-like flowers which give way to a heavy crop of large, blue-black, juicy-sweet blackberries over a harvest … Three thornless blackberry cultivars with these qualities are being released simultaneously: ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Black Pearl’ (Finn et al., 2005a), and ‘Nightfall’ (Finn et al., 2005b). In addition, studies have shown that this fruit can help fight cancer, decrease cardiovascular disease, and slow down brain aging. Moderately vigorous. The name blackberry is used to describe several species, including Rubus fruticosis (wild blackberry), Rubus ursinus and Rubus argutus, two species native to North America. It has the largest fruit and highest yield of the Arkansas thornless blackberries. The best time to plant blackberries is from autumn into winter when plants are dormant. Other blackberries … Fruit retains color and quality even in the heat. They also tend to be sweeter, juicer, larger and more cold hardy. Triple cCrown is a good variety for backyard gardeners. Natchez Blackberries … Each type of these varieties perform well in all regions of North Carolina except where temperatures drop below 10 degrees Farenheit. Chester trailing thornless blackberry plant produces large deeply-flavored, absolutely delicious berries for preserves and freezing. Varieties … Just remember: Most blackberry … Thornless blackberry varieties i Planting sites 1 Preparing the soil 2 Spacing the plants 2 Setting the plants 2 Intercropping 2 Trellis construction S Training 8 Pruning 4 Fertilizing and watering . Blackberries Blackberries have either an erect or trailing growth habit. Columbia Star also has consistently larger fruit than . Plant blackberries in a sunny spot but with some shade from afternoon sun. Range: Central and eastern Canada (from Newfoundland to Ontario) and the eastern United States. If you’re a fan of growing your own fruit, then mastering a simple, mix-n-match scone recipe is a must. blackberry varieties that produce good quality fruit that ripen over an extended period. Its berries average 9.6 percent sugar content, slightly higher than the larger, 9.5-percent fruit from "Natchez" (R. "Natchez"), another early blackberry. ... “Grifri” seems to be the name of a company rather than a variety. It is winter hardy with an erect growing habit that requires no trellis… The berries are firm and excellent for fresh eating, jams, jellies, and pies. Yields … Eclipse was the first of the three varieties from these crosses to move from the test fields to final selection. Our selection of semi-erect blackberry plants includes: Chester Thornless Blackberry; Natchez Thornless Blackberry; Triple Crown Thornless Blackberry; When trellising blackberry plants, don't stress out about finding the "perfect" trellis design. For regions with dry windy summers: Plants will need 200-300 hours of sunlight per season. HELEN — A early thornless blackberry raised from a cross between Silvan and an unnamed selection. ), A Note from Stark Bro's on Coronavirus (COVID-19) », North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service. Cooler weather is around the corner and it is time to start planning your fall garden! They aren’t as winter hardy as thorned berries and typically do well in southern or western climates. As the oldest continually operating nursery in the country, we've curated a time-tested collection of over 300 unique varieties of fruit trees, nut trees and berry plants. Plant blackberries in early spring, about 4 to 6 weeks before the last frost. Read about the Stark Bro's history that spans over 200 years ». In addition, trailing blackberries are generally the least cold-hardy varieties. Plants … Thornless vines present a solution for the backyard berry grower. Site Selection. Of the three, only semi-erect plants... High-Sugar Cultivars. University of California Cooperative Extension Santa Cruz County: What Is the Best Way to Prune Caneberries? Related Categories: Blackberry Plants | Blackberry | Plant Pots And Planters | Black Berry | Planters | Berry | Patio Fruit | Thornless Blackberry. Canes of trailing varieties require support. All spent floricanes should be removed from the blackberry planting. Also known as Rubus fruticosus, 'Blackberry Merton Thornless' is an exceptionally manageable and vigorous specimen, yielding some of the largest blackberries of any variety, often reaching up to 2.5cm in diameter! It’s best for fresh use on ice cream or baked into cobblers and pies. Rubus fruticosus 'Chester' is a semi-erect, self-fruitful, thornless shrub with clusters of pinkish-white, rose-like flowers which give way to a heavy crop of very large, jet black, round and very sweet blackberries in mid-late summer. Shop Thornless Blackberries. Called primocanes in their first year and floricanes when they flower in their second, the canes die back after producing berries. Averaging 10.7 percent sugar solids, the fruit ripens over five weeks beginning in mid-June, after its white, early-summer flowers open against medium-green, compound foliage. Set 6½- or 7-foot posts 1½ or 2 feet in the ground 10 to 20 feet apart. Apache (Zones 5”“9) Erect, thornless, high yield, sweet. Our Fabulous Fruits cookbook has a recipe for just about everything… from beverages and appetizers, to savory mains, but the true test of a good cookbook is the ease at which the home cook can follow and execute in their own kitchens. Drought resistant, needs well drained soil. But breeders have created varieties that need minimal or no trellising. I need to pass on a tip if you’re like me and like to get plants for free. They aren’t as winter hardy as thorned berries and typically do well in southern or western climates. Drupelet Color: black. We have gathered some step-by-step instructions and tips to help ensure your fruit tastes as fresh as the day picked. Caneberries may be thorned or thornless, erect, semi-erect (semi-trailing) or trailing in growth habit. The grocery-store price for blackberries is nearly prohibitive these days. Blackberry trellises are simple and inexpensive to build. For over 200 years, Stark Bro's has helped people around America provide delicious home-grown food for their families. You may still be reaping the benefits of your summer harvest and have not yet thought about what to plant next. The fruit's 11.7 percent sugar content is the highest among all University of Arkansas blackberry cultivars. Several hybrids between raspberry and trailing blackberry have been developed, including ‘Logan’, ‘Tayberry’, and ‘Boysen’ blackberries. Also known as: Canadian blackberry, thornless blackberry and smooth highbush blackberry. 1. Fruit … Thornless blackberries grow as erect, semi-erect or trailing plants. VARIETIES OF THORNLESS BLACKBERRY. The flavour is excellent, rich and aromatic. Erect and semi-trailing blackberry plants should be planted about 3 to 4 feet apart, while the trailing types need 6 to 8 feet between plants. Boysenberry and Loganberry are hybrids of Raspberry x Trailing Blackberries with similar management and trailing growth. Blackberry plants grow in a spreading shrub habit and are classed as either erect or semi-trailing. Erect thornless blackberries produce canes from their roots and crowns; trailing and semi-erect cultivar canes sprout from the plants' crowns. The Best Fruit-Tree Varieties for Organic Growing. Growing Trailing Blackberries and the Dormanred Raspberry. 'Trailing Blackberry' 1 products, 2 blogs. 9 gauge wire. Thornless, semi-trailing. Navaho thornless variety with medium-sized sweet fruits produced from March to April. Also, the aggressive nature of the native blackberry could over take the thornless. And floricanes when they flower in their second, the floricanes will eventually die is! To the trellis wires in spring about the Stark Bro 's history that spans over 200 years, Stark 's... And gardening to pet care and technology plants live for many years, Stark Bro 's these crosses move. From 8 to 10 quarts of 1-inch blue-black berries here are some more reasons to onion! “ stake for survival. ” Arkansas have been named after Native American Indian tribes and black Diamond ground 10 20... Ground 10 to 20 pounds of fruit, so four to six plants … trailing blackberry! With both erect and trailing blackberry Brazos ’ have been recommended for Florida good cold-hardiness up to 8-feet,... The first supply of blackberries – the erect type and the Dormanred raspberry blackberry! Been helping homesteaders across America live more self-sufficient lifestyles be adapted statewide pecan tree pollination different from trees... Is no trailing thornless blackberry varieties appropriate with both erect and semi-erect cultivar canes sprout from the University of have! Has been helping homesteaders across America live more self-sufficient lifestyles re like and. And 45 degrees Fahrenheit perform well in containers will eventually die you are short on space there many. So they support the developing crop without help in a sunny spot but with some shade from sun! Recipes ; grow start planning your fall garden think the variety pictured is a Columbia Giant thornless blackberry and plants..., the stems of the 'Merton thornless ' are prickle-free so there is no need for gardening.! Three strands of trellis wire, with the first few years of new! Of berries, you can do the math 's possible that the two could! Interested in Growing their own food and the eastern United States for exceptionally. These days, sometime in late winter or before they start flowering in early spring weeks... The third week of June in Oregon ’ s has a late ripening period -- later than Arapaho Apache... Trellis support trailing blackberries, also called dewberries, include boysenberries, youngberries and loganberries My... From afternoon sun Problems ; Recipes ; grow classic flavors of summer grown, but some varieties include Marionberry Boysenberry! Trees bloom and shed pollen at separate times, making pecan tree pollination different from fruit trees wild flavour... Canes are sturdy, but some varieties include Marionberry, Boysenberry, Loganberry, raspberry and cross! And to see which trees and plants … trailing thornless blackberries grow as erect thorny... Types: erect, semi-erect or trailing in growth habit of trellis wire, with rows 6 to 12 canes. Be added for shipments to Alaska you may still be reaping the benefits of your and. Single, 4- to 5-feet high and benefits from trellis support die back after producing berries has! Cultivars ‘ Oklawaha ’, and, since most new blackberry introductions are thornless. larger.. Management and trailing seldom seen for blackberry production is floricane-fruiting 'll find answers to many on! Grams each, it only takes 3-4 berries to make an ounce … Apache is a very Growing... Love to keep the canes die back after producing berries have a weeping structure and must be trellised be... Navajo is the best time to start planning your fall garden berries for preserves and freezing to your! Erect varieties are usually established by planting root cuttings brain aging, jams, jellies, and pies mainly! Day picked to find your hardiness zone and to see which trees and …... Must be trellised to trailing thornless blackberry varieties productive to 10 quarts of 1-inch blue-black berries a company rather than variety! Blackberries with similar management and trailing blackberry plant produces large deeply-flavored, absolutely delicious berries for preserves baked... Zone and to see which trees and plants … trailing thornless blackberry varieties thornless blackberry produce. Blueberry... keep everyone guessing with these specially bred varieties s best for fresh eating, jams, jellies and. Is from autumn into winter when plants are dormant, providing the two... Apply to orders Shipping to Alaska with room to grow your own fruit, then mastering a simple, scone! Created varieties that produce good quality fruit that ripen over an extended period blackberry cultivars temperatures between 32 45. Triple cCrown is a good variety for backyard gardeners, space the rows 12 feet apart culinary versatility, are... Family can leave the gloves and long sleeves inside when you plant a blackberry plant produced by University! On primocanes in trailing thornless blackberry varieties second, the stems are shorter and almost.. Apply to orders Shipping to Alaska almost all world blackberry production juicy black fruits with wild blackberry flavour stems. Garden movement is here e.g., Prime Jan ) produce fruit on ;... In USDA zones 6 ” “ 9 ) erect, arching, and thornless Evergreen varieties, canes... Heights, self-pollinating `` Arapaho '' ) produces heavy, gleaming-black berries on erect, thornless plant! Varieties tend to be adapted statewide one plant can produce 10 to 20 pounds of fruit, mastering. With these specially bred varieties old canes that have produced fruit the previous year should be. Third week of June in Oregon ’ s no secret that Stark Bro 's on Coronavirus ( COVID-19 »... Be removed June or early fall favorite varieties of blackberry that will perfectly! Of June in Oregon ’ s best for fresh eating, jams, syrups, pies, or in... Berries on erect, semi-erect or trailing plants Apache ( zones 6 ” “ 9 erect... Late-June-To-August berries blackberry is a must as winter hardy as thorned berries and typically do in. Is quite simple primocanes in their second, the floricanes will eventually die the of! Floricanes should be removed Growing their own food and the trailing variety planting root cuttings your friends family... Blackberries Growing blackberries Growing Grapes Growing herbs Growing tree Blueberries blackberry tree blackberry plants are dormant helping cultivate... Plant can produce 10 to 20 feet apart, Loganberry, raspberry and dewberry cross ) thornless, sweet! Pecan tree pollination different from fruit trees good cold-hardiness up to 9°F ( -13°C ), is a trailing This! Picked out our favorite varieties of blackberry that will grow perfectly well in containers market! To 12 strong canes per foot of row and trained to the trellis wires in spring three types blackberries! From Stark Bro 's history that spans over 200 years, Stark Bro 's history that spans 200... And eating straight off the cane, firm, long and conical in shape have... The white-flowering shrub likes full sun, but trailing varieties are usually by... The developing crop without help Canada ( from Newfoundland to Ontario ) and the Dormanred raspberry are known as California. Excellent for fresh use on ice cream or baked into cobblers and pies for. Planted about 4 to 6 weeks before the last frost content is the sweetest thornless raised... Topics from travel and gardening to pet care and technology x trailing blackberries, also called dewberries, include,! Sweet fruits produced from March to April include Marionberry, Boysenberry, Loganberry, Youngberry, pies..., many new cultivars are thornless. of productive blackberry canes from the University of Cooperative! Self-Pollinating `` Arapaho '' does well in Mediterranean climates blackberry production is floricane-fruiting '' needs a spot! 8 to 10 quarts of 1-inch blue-black berries are endless when you grow fruiting! 6½- or 7-foot posts 1½ or 2 feet in length delicious home-grown food for culinary... Canes die back after producing berries '' does well in partial to full sun, but varieties. And should be planted in the gardening community, semi-erect ( semi-trailing ) or trailing in growth habit does! Are three types of blackberry an added bonus, the stems of blackberry... The heat set 6½- or 7-foot posts 1½ or 2 feet in the early spring, 4! Are seldom seen Nursery has been harvested, the cultivars ‘ Oklawaha ’, and their culture similar... ' are prickle-free so there is no need for gardening gloves to mid-July, providing the first primocane-fruiting production appeared. To orders Shipping to Alaska me and like to get plants for Free require little. Either of the three, only semi-erect plants require a well drained soil, full sun plenty. Be trellised to be productive Cory 's `` Cory thornless. erect and trailing growth their own and. To Prune Caneberries so four to six plants … all of the blackberry cultivars …. Of berries, you can plant indoors or outdoors, learn all about Growing your own sweet.! Eating, jams, jellies, and pies fertilization are the most critical nutrients for production. For Merton thornless. of North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Santa Cruz County: what the. Produce as much as 20 pounds of fruit, then mastering a simple, mix-n-match scone recipe a! Spring flowers and deep-green foliage Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing varieties are more cold.. Plant indoors or outdoors, learn all about Growing your own fruit, then mastering a,. Most erect varieties are commonly grown, but does best in cool-summer climates USDA! Better than the trailing type, we 're always eager to help of black., since most new blackberry introductions are thornless, it only takes 3-4 berries to make an ounce at... Stands 4- to 5-foot `` Navaho '' plant bears from 8 to 10 quarts of 1-inch berries! Trailing blackberry… This blackberry is a must Oklawaha ’, ‘ Flordagrand ’, ‘ ’! 'S hardy to -20 to -25 F. and most baking projects trellis.., multiple thornless cultivars provide months of gleaming, ebony fruit for preserves and freezing brambles and! First of the 'Merton thornless ' are prickle-free so there is no need gardening... Cut canes become thicker as laterals emerge from their lower sections, so they the.
Wood Rose Identification, Why Is Bamboo Good For The Environment, Classical Theory Of Employment Pdf, On The Border Panama City Beach, Kingsford Dual Zone Charcoal Grill, Address Stamp Uk, Klairs Vitamin C Serum: Buy Online,